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Report to Anti-Poverty Learning Network Combat Poverty Agency

Presentation by Catherine Joyce of the Irish Traveller Movement
To the Anti-Poverty Learning Network Combat Poverty Agency, 2002

1. Current Context

Travellers are an indigenous ethnic minority who have been part of Irish society for centuries. Travellers long shared history, cultural values, language, customs and traditions make them a self-defined group, and one that is recognisable and distinct. Their culture and way of life, of which nomadism is an important factor, distinguishes them from the sedentary (settled) population.¹ Travellers are one of the most marginalised and disadvantaged groups in Irish society experiencing high levels of racism, poverty, social exclusion, educational disadvantage, illiteracy, ill health and unemployment. According to the Economic and Social Research Institute² Travellers are “a uniquely disadvantaged group: impoverished, under-educated, often despised and ostracised, they live on the margins of Irish society.

There are an estimated 25,000 Travellers in Ireland consisting of more than 4,898 Traveller families. This constitutes less than 1% of the total population.

In 2,001, 24.5% of Traveller families (1,017) were living on unserviced sites or by the side of the road.³Unserviced sites lack the following basic requirements: regular refuse collection, running water, toilets, bath and showers, access to electricity and fire precautions.

There is little doubt that the living conditions of Travellers are probably the single greatest influence on health status. Traveller women live on average 12 years less than women in the general population and Traveller men live on average 10 years less than men in the general population⁴.

Traveller specific accommodation includes serviced halting sites, group housing schemes and transient sites.

In addition, the Report of the Task Force on the Travelling Community published in 1995 recommended that 3,100 new units of Traveller specific accommodation would be provided by the year 2000. This figure has been used since 1995 as a yardstick by which Traveller organisations have measured what needs to be provided. Of these 3,100 units, it was identified that 2,200 of these should be halting site and transient bays and the remaining 900 should be standard housing and group housing.

Very little progress has been achieved since 1995 as the following figures illustrate:

Figures of the number of Traveller families accommodated between 1995 and 2001⁵

	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	Total Increase in the Number of Families accommodated
Total Number of Families accommodated in Halting sites	1063	1143	1134	1148	1100	1152	1192	129
Total Number of Families accommodated in Standard Housing	1630	1741	1817	1900	1973	2110	2272	642
Total Number of families accommodated in Group Housing	301	321	324	339	356	380	456	115
Total								886

The reality of lack of provision of accommodation was expressed by the First Progress Report of the Committee to Monitor and Co-ordinate the Implementation of the Recommendations of the Task Force on the Travelling Community concludes that: (2001:13)

“The Monitoring Committee is aware that in reality one in every four Traveller families are currently living without access to water, toilets and refuse collection. The accommodation provision has not kept pace with increasing demand over the past five years and the Committee would like to emphasise in the strongest terms the importance of having local Traveller Accommodation Programmes delivered in a way that clears the backlog in Traveller accommodation. Local authorities have a crucial role to play in making progress in this area.”

2. Policy Developments

Policy developments within the last six years in the area of Traveller accommodation include:

The Report of the Task Force on the Travelling Community, 1995.
National Traveller Accommodation Unit, 1996.
National Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee (NTACC), 1996
Housing (Traveller Accommodation) Act 1988 and Memorandum on Implementation.
Local Traveller Consultative Committees (LTACC), 1998.

The Report of the Task Force on the Travelling Community was published in July 1995 and led to a number of important developments in the area of Traveller accommodation at national level. In response to the Task Force Report, in 1996 the Department of the Environment and Local Government published the ‘National Strategy for Traveller Accommodation which envisaged the provision of 3,100 units of Traveller accommodation and the development of a five year Traveller Accommodation Programme by each Local Authority. Since the publication of the Task Force Report much progress has been made in ensuring that the administrative, legislative and financial framework for the provision of Traveller accommodation are in place.

A Traveller Accommodation Unit was established in the Department of the Environment in 1996, with five full-time staff, to oversee the preparation, monitoring, implementation and co-ordination of Traveller accommodation strategies at a local level. The unit also acts as the secretariat for the National Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee. The Unit is an important contact point for Travellers and Traveller organisations regarding local accommodation issues. Also, the Unit initiated a number of pilot Traveller tenant participation initiatives.

The Department of the Environment & Local Government established a National Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee in 1996, to monitor the preparation, adequacy and implementation of Local Traveller Accommodation Programmes. This group includes representatives of the Irish Traveller Movement, Pavee Point, National Travellers Women's Forum, County and City Managers association, county councillors, the Department of Environment and Local Government, and the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform.

A number of guidelines have been produced by the Department of the Environment and Local Government to assist local authorities in the development of their Local Accommodation Programmes. These guidelines were prepared in conjunction with the National Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee. Traveller organisations contributed extensively to the development of these guidelines and in particular focused on issues such as consultation mechanisms at a national and local level, respect for Traveller culture and equality for Travellers and involvement of Traveller organisations in the assessment of accommodation needs. Published guidelines include the:

Memorandum on Implementation, Housing (Traveller Accommodation) Act 1998,
Guidelines for Residential Caravan Parks for Travellers (1998)
Guidelines for Traveller Accommodation, Basic Services and Facilities for Caravans Pending the Provision of Permanent Accommodation (November 1998)
Guidelines for Accommodating Transient Traveller Families (November 1999)
Guidelines for Group Housing Schemes (
Guidelines for the Operation of the Local Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committees

Since 1998, Local Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committees (LTACC) have been established in each local authority comprising elected representatives and officials of the local authority, Travellers and Traveller organisations. The role of these committees is to facilitate consultation between housing authorities and Travellers and to advise on any aspect of accommodation for Travellers. Under the Act this Committee may advise in relation to the preparation and implementation of the Traveller Accommodation Programme in their area, advise on the management of accommodation for Travellers and provide a liaison between Travellers and the local authority.

Housing (Traveller Accommodation Act) 1998

The Housing (Traveller Accommodation Act) 1998 obliges each of the local authorities to adopt by 31^st March 2000 a five year Programme for the provision of accommodation for Travellers. These Programmes are to be implemented by the year 2004. The range of accommodation to be provided includes standard local authority housing, group housing schemes, permanent caravan parks, transient halting sites and emergency provision. Strategies outlined in the Act include:5

Assistance and incentives for Travellers to build, purchase or improve the private home of their choice.
The direct provision by local authorities of a range of Traveller appropriate accommodation including local authority housing, group housing, residential (permanent) caravan parks, transient and temporary halting sites.
A range of assistance and supports to the voluntary sector to provide a range of accommodation options for Travellers.

In summary the 1998 Act requires local authorities to:⁶

Prepare, in consultation with Travellers five-year programmes to meet the existing and projected accommodation needs of Travellers in their areas.
Allow for public input to the preparation and amendment of the programmes.
Ensure that local housing authorities implement the programmes.
Establish LTACC committees in each area.
Amend planning legislation to include objectives concerning Traveller accommodation.

Local Traveller Accommodation Programmes

The Memorandum on Implementation makes very specific demands on Local Authorities as to what Local Traveller Accommodation Programmes should contain. This includes obligations in relation to:

Consultation mechanisms
A recent assessment of needs
Statement of Local Authority policy on meeting accommodation needs
A strategy for implementation
Measures for implementation

Following research commissioned by the ITM, conducted by Kathleen Fahey which critiqued the Traveller Accommodation Programmes it was found that ‘all of these programmes have been adopted by the relevant Local Authority and submitted to the Department of the Environment and Local Government, it is clear that many do not meet the basic requirements or guidelines set down by Government. Concerns include weak assessment procedures and figures, an overt focus on the provision of local authority housing, lack of recognition of nomadism or need for transient sites, lack of implementation details, targets and timescales and little focus on Traveller culture and tenant centered management procedures’⁷.

3. Barriers to the Provision of Traveller Accommodation

Planning Laws

Since 1998 it has been a statutory requirement under section 26 and 27 of the Housing (Traveller accommodation) Act, 1998 and Section 10 of the Planning and Development Act, 2000 to include the accommodation needs of Travellers in county and urban development plans. This inclusion of Traveller accommodation plans in the planning code is welcome, however, there are still many concerns in regard to how it operates. The fact that many planning functions such as rezoning, material contravention and compulsory purchase orders are reserved functions of the local elected representatives means that there is little will to push decisions through to secure the delivery of halting sites.

The approach of Irish courts to the interpretation of Traveller accommodation provision has been to establish a site-specific requirement on local authorities to name and identify the locations where sites are to be developed. The main concern here in regard to the provisions of the Housing (Traveller Accommodation), Act, 1998 and the Planning Act is that the position of zoning for Traveller accommodation still remains ambiguous. The opportunity in the 1998 and 2000 Acts to address this ambiguity has been missed. It is open to interpretation that programmes, which have not been site specific in relation Traveller accommodation development, can be challenged in the courts. The impact of such challenges has already been seen and has caused major delays and obstruction to the provision of accommodation.

Also, planning restrictions on the forms of dwellings that may be constructed on privately owned land under Irish planning law is ethnocentric. Essentially, Travellers who want to put caravans on their own land are restricted from doing so due to planning regulations. While this has not caused significant problems for Travellers to date that have purchased and built on their own land, this issue may become pressing over the coming years. Therefore, Travellers who attempt to purchase land and want wish to retain a caravan or mobile home as living accommodation on their property will be unable to do so. Problems in this regard have already been highlighted in England over the last number of years and have resulted in severe restrictions on the occupation and use of land by Travellers.

In relation to the provision for nomadism some of the objections to this type of provision also relate to restrictions on land use. Trying to make this type of provision comply with current planning restrictions on land use will create problems, as current Planning laws are not conducive to a positive and appropriate response to accommodating nomadism. The 'Guidelines for Accommodating Transient Traveller Families’ produced by the Department Environment and Local Government set out the range of options that should be provided to accommodate nomadism which are:

the provision of a network of transient halting sites
accommodating families where possible at permanent halting sites and group housing schemes. This would involve provision of space for visiting Traveller families by agreement with the permanent residents on site for example, relatives of the residents.
transfer arrangements between Traveller families that are negotiable with the relevant local authorities
assisting families to make arrangements for the provision of their own accommodation
liaising with private residential caravan parks to provide spaces for families
the identification of public land for temporary camping purposes

However, some of these recommendations are in conflict with planning law and therefore are not capable of being implemented. The Housing (Traveller Accommodation) Act, 1998 specifies that provision should be made for the annual patterns of movement of Travellers yet there have been little developments in this area of provision. The only response of the government to date has been to introduce the Housing (Miscellaneous Provision) Act, 2002, which has made it nearly impossible to be nomadic in Ireland today.

Racism

Racism towards Travellers throughout society is one of the key factors that contributes to the lack of progress in Traveller accommodation, which is reflected in the institutions charged with the delivery of Traveller accommodation. As stated in the First Progress Report of the Committee to Monitor and Coordinate the Implementation of the Recommendations of the Report of the Task Force on the Travelling Community “the distinct culture and identity of the Traveller community is a central issue to Travellers and should receive proper recognition. It is not fully understood and accepted by officials and elected representatives at local level who are responsible for the implementation of many of the Task Force Recommendations”.

Negative public perception toward Traveller accommodation provision, this perception arises from:

Racism and discrimination towards Travellers, is reflected in the NIMBY (Not in my back yard) syndrome. It is in part created by the belief that the Traveller accommodation will be similar to the roadside encampments, as many communities have no experience of well-designed accommodation in their areas.

ii)The unacceptable behaviour of some Traveller families with regards to respecting areas in which they park.

(ii) The amount of discussion on Traveller accommodation in the public arena, which leads to the false perception “that Travellers are getting everything they want”

Lack of Implementation Measures

Lack of a centrally driven approach has proven to be a central weakness in the National Traveller Accommodation Strategy. This is reflected in the fact that even though some of the Traveller accommodation programmes, which were adopted in 2000, are not adequate nothing has been done to rectify the situation. Likewise progress on implementation is inadequate yet nothing has been put in place to ensure local authorities fulfil their obligations.

This is compounded by the fact that there are no provisions contained within the Housing (Traveller Accommodation) Act, 1998 to ensure that accommodation is actually implemented. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance Second Report on Ireland noted that ‘the fact that no sanctions are provided for in the Housing (Traveller Accommodation) Act, against authorities who do not take measures to provide accommodation for Travellers may weaken its effectiveness’. The report goes on to recommend that measures should be taken to improve implementation.

Introduction of Conflicting Legislation

The recent amendment to the Public Order Act 1994 put through in the Housing (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2001, has undermined the National Traveller Accommodation Strategy. This legislation criminalises trespass on public and private land. Therefore, the Gardai on foot of a complaint can now move on Travellers who are waiting for accommodation by the local authority.

Over 40 cases have been reported to the Irish Travellers Movement where families living on their own or in small groups who are included in the Traveller Accommodation Programmes are being moved out of or around areas since the enactment of the legislation in July 2002.

The legislation has also curtailed Travellers right to be nomadic as Travellers are unable to move due to the lack of availability of legal parking places. It is in direct conflict with the provisions of the Housing (Traveller Accommodation) Act, 1998, which provides that the annual patterns of movements of Travellers are to be catered for and Travellers included in Traveller Accommodation Programmes are to be accommodated by 2004. This recent amendment has given local authorities an opt out clause where they can now move families on through the gardai without providing the necessary accommodation.

The government had claimed that this legislation was to deal with large-scale encampments of Travellers. In a government press release of the 25th of May it claimed the introduction of the law was necessary as ‘the existing powers in the Housing Acts to remove unauthorised encampments from public places were inadequate to deal with the large encampments which we have witnessed in the past year or two’⁸, yet in practice it has indirectly given local authorities another power to move on Traveller families who are camped on their own who are waiting for accommodation.

The Increased use of Section 32

There has been an increased use of section 32 of the Housing (Traveller Accommodation) Act, 1998. This provision gives the local authorities increased powers to move Travellers, and in certain circumstances they are not required to offer any alternative accommodation.

The Irish Traveller Movement conducted a telephone survey from the period August 2001 to August 2002 and found that 471 families had been served with notices to move on without being offered any alternative accommodation. The reality of this situation is that there are 1,017 Traveller families living in unofficial camps without access to basic facilities such as water, toilets and refuse collection who face the fear of been evicted by local authorities. There is no monitoring or review of these powers so the possibility of potential abuse is not factored in.

The Weakening of the Role of the National Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee

The manner in which the Housing (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002 has seriously undermined the useful working relationship between Traveller organisations and the Department of the Environment and Local Government through the National Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee.

Over the last five years Traveller organisations have put huge resources in to working with the National Traveller Accommodation Strategy. This has involved working through difficult issues with all the players involved.

In November 2001, the Minister for Justice Equality and Law Reform established a working group to examine and report on the issue of larger scale Traveller encampments. The national Traveller organisations were represented on this committee who in its final report concluded that if existing laws were enforced it would address the issue in full. The findings of this Committee were not taken in to consideration by the Minister as the Housing (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill, 2002 was published before the final report was finished.

The National Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee, whose role is to advise the Minister on all aspects of Traveller accommodation, was not informed about the legislation. This legislation directly impacts on the accommodation situation and was a key area for the NTACC to advise the Minister. The by passing of the NTACC in this way had led Traveller organisation represented on the Committee to question the relevance of their participation.

Up to this point the NTACC proved to be a useful structure for consultation and debate on Traveller accommodation. However, because it is not in a position to influence the implementation of the Traveller Accommodation Programmes its role is limited.

This Committee has finished its first 5-year term and is waiting for the Minister to re-establish it.

Local Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committees

The role of the LTACC is to advise on the implementation of the Traveller Accommodation Programme and design Traveller tenant participation strategies.

However, the weakness here is that in many cases the local authorities have not set target for the delivery of their programmes. This makes monitoring of progress or lack of progress impossible.

An evaluation of the Local Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committees conducted by Lisa Costello found that generally a significant strength of the LTACC is that it provides a roundtable forum between Travellers and the local authority. However, ‘a significant finding from the study was lower levels of satisfaction among Traveller representatives than other members, relating to both their input into the LTACC and the provision of advice for the Accommodation plan’⁹.

In the main the LTACC’s have not been successful save a few exceptions. What contributes to the success of some LTACCs is the good relationships developed between Traveller representatives and the local authority staff who are able to progress some of the issues. Mostly, these Committees have proven to be difficult arenas to work in.

The ITM conducts training days for Traveller representatives on the LTACC and what is mainly reported to this forum is that there is a lack of respect for Travellers represented on the LTACC’s, which is very vocal at the meetings. The NTACC issued a Code of Practice for the operation of the LTACC but this does not seem to have made much of an impact. This feature coupled with the lack of progress on provision has caused Travellers to question the relevance of their involvement.

4. Lessons Learned from the Current National Traveller Accommodation Strategy

Positive Developments:

There are a number of positive development that have been identified from the strategy to date which are described below:

Traveller representation

The requirement on local authorities to establish the Local Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee under the Housing Traveller Accommodation Act, 1998 includes the provision for representation for local Travellers and Traveller bodies. The necessity to ensure that Travellers were represented on the committees has highlighted the wealth of able and articulate Traveller representation that exists at local level.

The requirement under section 15 of the 1998 Act to draw up Traveller Accommodation Programmes has been a test of negotiation and policy development skills for local Traveller representatives. The development of accommodation programmes has in themselves been a focus point for the development of a strong Traveller voice at local level.

Local Authority Structures

The engagement with local authorities has highlighted for Travellers and Traveller organisations the diversity that exists within local authorities. The fact that local authorities are not homogenous entities, has allowed local organisations to develop and nurture local alliances with different sections within the local authority.

In some cases very positive working relationships have been built up between Traveller representatives and local authority officials, which has resulted in some issues being progressed in local areas.

Development of Local Traveller Accommodation Programmes

The requirements on local authorities to develop programmes for Traveller accommodation have for the first time meant that Travellers are engaged with the local authority on a formal basis and not as an afterthought or the result of a negative campaign from pressure groups.

The local accommodation programmes with all their faults do serve as a useful local barometer to measure progress or lack of progress.

National Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee

The experience of working on the National Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee has proved to be very useful and the committee was well resourced by the Department of the Environment and Local Government, Traveller Accommodation Unit. This committee provided for the development of initiatives in relation to Traveller accommodation and for debate on key issues facing Travellers.

Negative Developments:

Some of the negative lessons learned are detailed below:

Local Authority Structures

The diversity within the local authorities may be one of the reasons for lack of progress on the provision of Traveller accommodation. The competing interests reflected within local authorities structures highlight visibly the struggle Traveller organisations face in ensuring the programmes are delivered on. Also, the constant turnover of local authority staff within the housing area ensures that Traveller accommodation is not given the appropriate priority it requires for real progress to be made. This has led to the situation where Traveller accommodation is not given the priority it needs and therefore there is little commitment to its implementation at senior management level within the local authority.

The issue of racism is central to the lack of progress on Traveller accommodation and accounts for many of the circumstances were blatant prejudice towards Travellers has been exhibited by local elected representatives on the consultative committees. This lack of understanding and inappropriate references to the Traveller community has caused much frustration and hurt to Traveller representatives on these committees.

Planning regulations

The lack of real legislative change with regard to planning provisions has meant that while obligations have been placed on local authorities, to develop plans for Traveller accommodation, a myriad of problems are thrown up by planning legislation. This has meant that local authorities are only too ready to give up the ghost at the first threat of legal challenge by residents groups.

The fact that local authorities are both planning authorities and housing provider’s means that no outside body has locus standi to challenge or push through decisions on Traveller accommodation. This has frustrated the process in many cases again ensuring that very little progress is made.

Relationship with the local community

It has been well documented that local residents react swiftly to the news of a proposed site in their area. The impact of this reaction cannot be underestimated. It can seriously hold up the development of any Traveller accommodation either through the courts or through the actions of local elected representatives who mainly take up the position of the local residents. In South Dublin in the last local election a local person was elected to council on her anti-Traveller policies. A survey conducted by Citizen Traveller show that ‘when confronted with the possibility of an official halting site being established in their neighbourhood, 4-10 Irish people say they would be annoyed about the prospect’¹⁰

Apart from a few champions there are very few elected representatives who are willing to stand up for Traveller accommodation and promote the needs within local communities for this type of accommodation. There are many incidents that highlight this issue such as the adoption of the 1986 Traveller Accommodation Plan for the Dublin area were it has been documented that ‘public representatives adopted the 1986 plan, but their subsequent actions tended to indicate at least tacit support for residents’ objections, rather than a commitment to ensure that Travelling people’s accommodation was provided’. In recent years there are many occasions where elected representatives who adopted Traveller Accommodation Programmes in March of 2,000 are the very people who are opposing the provision of halting sites in their own areas.

The Introduction of negative legislation

The introduction of the Housing (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002 has seriously undermined the relationships built up between Travellers organisations and the Department of the Environment and Local Government.

The Irish Traveller Movement has put in place a monitoring system to ensure that incidents of its use are recorded. To date the Act has been enforced in a number of areas with dire consequences for Traveller families. The following examples illustrate this point.

In July 2002 in Ennis, County Clare, four families living in different locations and occupying the same lands for over 12 months were moved. These family’s caravans were confiscated leaving them homeless. These cases are currently being considered in the High Court. Since this period these families have been moved on several occasions, which is having a negative impact on their health and well being and that of their families. In Cork a family were moved from a safe location which they had occupied for over 16 months to a dual carriage way and in Clondalkin a family were moved in the similar circumstances. All of these families are awaiting accommodation in the respective areas.

In some instances the local authority claim it is nothing to do with them and is a matter for the Gardai, which is ironic given that the local authorities are directing the Gardai to, move families off public land. This Act has provided an out for local authorities as they can indirectly move Traveller with out providing any alternative accommodation.

4. Conclusions: Towards addressing the Issues

In order to address the barriers to the provision of Traveller accommodation an independent National Traveller Accommodation Agency should be established with overall responsibility for planning and supervising the construction, improvement and maintenance of this accommodation. This Agency would have the power and the will to push through Traveller accommodation where there has been decades of failure to deliver. It could ensure that the barriers to provision highlighted in this paper are taken out of the situation enabling progress to be achieved. Other benefits of such an approach it that quality standards could be set and replicated across the country and an action plan to provide for nomadism could be drawn up.

The Review of the Housing (Traveller Accommodation) Act, 1998 due to take place this year will provide the opportunity to debate these issues. The Irish Traveller Movement is currently designing a new strategy for the delivery of Traveller accommodation, which we will be launching in December. This strategy draws on the lessons learned from our current work and will set out the type of agency required and the type of powers necessary to carry out its work.

I look forward to hearing your response to the issues raised in this paper in the discussion that follows.

The EPA has been given a wide range of functions to protect our environment. One of the principle reasons for establishing the EPA was to Licence and, the Waste Management Act (1996) has also given the EPA responsibility for the licensing of landfill sites -both private sites and those run by the Local Authorities. We also advise and support Local Authorities in relation to management of sewage treatment plants and drinking water quality and are likely to have to licence these facilities in the future.

Everybody recognises the importance of a good environment and our natural environment needs to be managed and protected. About 155,000 jobs are directly dependent on it in areas such as farming, tourism, forestry, etc. Environmental problems in Ireland are small by international comparisons but they do exist and need sustainable solutions. It is our job to protect the environment while ensuring also that development can take place but in a manner that is sustainable. The EPA is an n independent body set up under legislation and it was formally established in July 1993. We are different from most other semi-state bodies in having a full time Executive Board consisting of the Director General and four other

Footnotes

1 Further information on Travellers and the Irish Traveller Movement can be found on the website www.itmtrav.com. Other useful sites include Pavee Point www.paveepoint.ie, and Exchange House www.exchangehouse.ie
2. ESRI, July 1986, Paper 131
3. Source: Department of the Environment and Local Government
4. Traveller Health A National Strategy, Depart. Of Health and Children, 2002-2005
5. Department of the Environment and Local Government Annual Report of the National Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee, 2001.
5. Accommodation Options for Travellers, Department of the Environment, No date given
6. Memorandum of the Implementation of the Housing (Traveller Accommodation) Act, 1998
7. A Lost Opportunity- A Critique of the Local Authority Traveller Accommodation Programmes, Kathleen Fahey, April 2001.
8. Government meets Traveller Organisations, Press Release from Department of the Environment and Local Government, May 2002.
9. Evaluation of the Local Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee by Liza Costello for the National Traveller Accommodation Consultative Committee, October 2000.
10. Attitudes to Traveller and Minority Groups in Ireland, survey prepared for Citizen Traveller by Behaviour & Attitudes Ireland LTD, February 2000.
11. Accommodating Travelling people, A report by Kieran Mc Keown & Brìd Mc Grath, CROSSCARE, June 1996